Digital Connections with Loved Ones

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While some reductions in loneliness were observed with this intervention, they were not statistically significant across the various follow-up periods.

The study encompasses adults aged 18 and above from six diverse countries: Taiwan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. 

On average, the cost of digital connections with loved ones is likely medium. 

The intervention leverages widely available digital tools such as social websites, videoconferencing platforms (e.g. Skype, Zoom), and messaging apps (e.g. WhatsApp). Many of these services are free or have minimal subscription fees and can operate on standard devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers, which participants might already own. The intervention primarily requires internet access, a common and relatively inexpensive utility.

Our confidence in social isolation and loneliness reduction estimate is very low. 

There was higher certainty of evidence at 3 and 6 months follow-up after the intervention, but very low certainty at 4 months. This uncertainty is due to publication bias and imprecision.

This level of evidence suggests that the findings should be interpreted cautiously, and further high-quality research may be needed to confirm these results.

To implement this intervention effectively, the following strategies can be considered:

1. Assess Individual Needs: Conduct an initial assessment to tailor the digital tools and platforms to each participant’s specific needs and preferences.
2. Provide Training and Ongoing Support: Offer comprehensive training for participants and caregivers on how to use digital technologies, along with continuous technical support to address any issues.
3. Facilitate Regular Engagement: Schedule regular videoconferencing sessions and online activities using videoconferencing and messaging platforms to maintain consistent social engagement (e.g. Skype or WhatsApp).
4. Ensure Accessibility: Select user-friendly digital tools with simplified interfaces, such as EasyPC, to accommodate participants with varying levels of digital literacy and ensure they can easily use the technology.

The review did not discuss equity concerning the implementation of this intervention, however, the digital literacy required for this intervention may necessitate more training and simplified interfaces for older populations. In addition, low-resource areas and low-income individuals may have limited access to technology and the Internet, requiring additional support to ensure they can participate fully. Programs must also be available in multiple languages to be effective for diverse populations. This includes providing training and support in participants' native languages and considering cultural preferences in social engagement activities.

The meta-analysis participants were not screened for loneliness therefore it is uncertain if the results would be the same for lonely individuals. 

The data in the review was not analyzed across PROGRESS+ factors due to the limited number of included studies and the consequent lack of data on loneliness across participants’ demographic characteristics.